A: List the major ideas, concepts or key points- point by point
-People blame population growth as a cause of poverty and environmental degradation
-Others say that the elements of this casual chain is that poverty is the cause rather than the consequence of increasing population
-Economists do not regard poverty, population growth and local environment as interconnected
-Investigators studied relations between these ingredients
-Collected research shows that none of the three elements directly causes the other two. Each actually influences, and is in turn influenced by the others
-New perspective has significant implications for policies aimed at improving life for some of the world's most impoverished inhabitants
-In contrast with the new perspective, with its focus on local experience, popular tracts on the environment and population growth usually taken a global view
-They emphasized the deleterious effects that a large population would have on our planet
-This draws attention away from economic misery endemic today
-In developing countries, decisions on whether to have a child and on how to share education, food, work, health care and local resources are in large measure made within small entities such as households
-It makes sense to study the link between poverty, population growth and the environment
-Households assume various guises in different parts of the world
-Those who enjoy the greatest power within a family can be identified by the way the household's resources are divided
-Sharing of resources within a household is often unequal even when differences in needs are taken into account
-Inequities prevail over fertility choices
-Men wield more influence even though women typically bear the greater cost
-The number of live babies a woman could have is she survived her childbearing years is called the total fertility rate, which is between 6 and 8 in Sub-Saharan Africa
-Each successful birth involves a year and a half of pregnancy and breast-feeding
-Another indicator of the price women pay is maternal mortality
-In the poor countries, complications related to pregnancy constitute the largest cause of death in their reproductive years
-Given the high costs, women would opt for fewer children
-Birth rates are highest in societies where women have the least power in the family
-Lack of paid employment and education limits a woman's ability to make decisions and promotes population growth
-Lack of income-generating employment reduces women's power more directly than does lack of education
-If children are needed to work inside and outside of home, then keeping them in school is costly
-In contrast, policies increasing women's productivity at home and improving their earnings in the marketplace would empower them.
-United Nations Conference on Population and Development emphasized women's reproductive rights and the means by which they could be protected and promoted
-There is more to population problem than gender inequalities
-When both parents participate in the decision to have a child, there are several pathways through which the choice becomes harmful to the community-Routes have been uncovered by inquiring into the various motives for procreation
-One motive relates to children as ends in themselves. It ranges from the desire to have children because they are playful and enjoyable, to the desire to obey the dictates of tradition and religion
-Traditions are perpetuated by imitative behavior
-Procreation is not only a private mater, is is also a social activity
-There are norms encouraging high fertility rates that no household desires unilaterally break
-So long as all others aim at large families, no household on its own will wish to deviate
-People differ in the extent to which they adhere to tradition
-Other motives for procreation are viewing children as productive assets
-It stems from children's being valuable to their parents not only for future income but also as a source of current income
-Third World countries are subsistence economies
-Labor is needed even for simple tasks
-Members of a household may have to spend as much as five to six hours a day fetching water and collection fodder and wood
-Children are then needed to work even when their parents are in their prime
-Usefulness of each extra hand increases with declining availability of resources
-The need for many hands can lead to a destructive situation, especially when the parents do not have to pay the full price of rearing their children but share those costs with the community
-Rural assets such as village ponds and water holes have been owned communally
-This form of control enabled households to pool their risks
-The process of economic development can erode traditional methods of control
-Increased urbanization and mobility can do so as well
-Social rules are endangered by civil strife and by the takeover of resources by landowners or the state
-As norms degrade, parents pass some of the costs of children on to the community by over exploiting the commons
-If access to shared resources continues, parents produce too many children, leading to crowding and susceptibility to disease and more pressure on the environmental resources
-No household takes into account the harm it inflicts on others when bringing forth another child
-Parental costs of procreation are also lower when relatives provide a helping hand
-Price of carrying a child is paid by the mother, cost of rearing the child is shared among kinship
-Fathers often do not bear the costs of siring a child
-Marriage normally mean est. a new household, it also meant that parents bore the cost of rearing their children
-Perception of both low costs and high benefits of procreation induces households to produce too many children
-As community resources are depleted, more hands are needed to gather fuel and water for daily use
-More children are produced, further damaging the local environment and in turn providing the household with an incentive to enlarge
-Findings by the World bank revealed positive correlations among poverty, fertility and deterioration of the local environment
-Families with greater access to resources are in a position to limit their size and propel themselves into still higher income levels
-Parental demand for children rather than an unmet need for contraceptives in large measure explains reproductive behavior in developing countries
B: Summarize the AUTHOR’s main point or idea- at LEAST 1-2 paragraphs
The Author talks about how people blame population growth as a cause of poverty and environmental degradation. In developing countries, decisions on whether to have a child and on how to share education, food, work, health care and local resources are in large measure made within small entities such as households. The number of live babies a woman could have is she survived her childbearing years is called the total fertility rate, which is between 6 and 8 in Sub-Saharan Africa. When both parents participate in the decision to have a child, there are several pathways through which the choice becomes harmful to the community. Families with greater access to resources are in a position to limit their size and propel themselves into still higher income levels. One motive relates to children as ends in themselves. It ranges from the desire to have children because they are playful and enjoyable, to the desire to obey the dictates of tradition and religion. Rural assets such as village ponds and water holes have been owned communally. If access to shared resources continues, parents produce too many children, leading to crowding and susceptibility to disease and more pressure on the environmental resources. Importance of gender inequality to overpopulation in poor nations is fortunately gaining international recognition. Families with greater access to resources are in a position to limit their size and propel themselves into still higher income levels.
C: Write a reaction paragraph to the article stating your own thoughts on the topic, using specific citations from the article to support your views
After reading this article I learned about how much women bear with the cost of bearing children in certain places. When both parents participate in the decision to have a child, there are several pathways through which the choice becomes harmful to the community. Families with greater access to resources are in a position to limit their size and propel themselves into still higher income levels. In developing countries, decisions on whether to have a child and on how to share education, food, work, health care and local resources are in large measure made within small entities such as households. It ranges from the desire to have children because they are playful and enjoyable, to the desire to obey the dictates of tradition and religion. Rural assets such as village ponds and water holes have been owned communally. If access to shared resources continues, parents produce too many children, leading to crowding and susceptibility to disease and more pressure on the environmental resources. Importance of gender inequality to overpopulation in poor nations is fortunately gaining international recognition. Parental demand for children rather than an unmet need for contraceptives in large measure explains reproductive behavior in developing countries.
So What?
Many factors effect the number of children in a family.
Says Who?
Partha S. Dasgupta
What if...?
What if the amount of children was limited by law?
What does this remind me of?
This reminds me of sports.
-People blame population growth as a cause of poverty and environmental degradation
-Others say that the elements of this casual chain is that poverty is the cause rather than the consequence of increasing population
-Economists do not regard poverty, population growth and local environment as interconnected
-Investigators studied relations between these ingredients
-Collected research shows that none of the three elements directly causes the other two. Each actually influences, and is in turn influenced by the others
-New perspective has significant implications for policies aimed at improving life for some of the world's most impoverished inhabitants
-In contrast with the new perspective, with its focus on local experience, popular tracts on the environment and population growth usually taken a global view
-They emphasized the deleterious effects that a large population would have on our planet
-This draws attention away from economic misery endemic today
-In developing countries, decisions on whether to have a child and on how to share education, food, work, health care and local resources are in large measure made within small entities such as households
-It makes sense to study the link between poverty, population growth and the environment
-Households assume various guises in different parts of the world
-Those who enjoy the greatest power within a family can be identified by the way the household's resources are divided
-Sharing of resources within a household is often unequal even when differences in needs are taken into account
-Inequities prevail over fertility choices
-Men wield more influence even though women typically bear the greater cost
-The number of live babies a woman could have is she survived her childbearing years is called the total fertility rate, which is between 6 and 8 in Sub-Saharan Africa
-Each successful birth involves a year and a half of pregnancy and breast-feeding
-Another indicator of the price women pay is maternal mortality
-In the poor countries, complications related to pregnancy constitute the largest cause of death in their reproductive years
-Given the high costs, women would opt for fewer children
-Birth rates are highest in societies where women have the least power in the family
-Lack of paid employment and education limits a woman's ability to make decisions and promotes population growth
-Lack of income-generating employment reduces women's power more directly than does lack of education
-If children are needed to work inside and outside of home, then keeping them in school is costly
-In contrast, policies increasing women's productivity at home and improving their earnings in the marketplace would empower them.
-United Nations Conference on Population and Development emphasized women's reproductive rights and the means by which they could be protected and promoted
-There is more to population problem than gender inequalities
-When both parents participate in the decision to have a child, there are several pathways through which the choice becomes harmful to the community-Routes have been uncovered by inquiring into the various motives for procreation
-One motive relates to children as ends in themselves. It ranges from the desire to have children because they are playful and enjoyable, to the desire to obey the dictates of tradition and religion
-Traditions are perpetuated by imitative behavior
-Procreation is not only a private mater, is is also a social activity
-There are norms encouraging high fertility rates that no household desires unilaterally break
-So long as all others aim at large families, no household on its own will wish to deviate
-People differ in the extent to which they adhere to tradition
-Other motives for procreation are viewing children as productive assets
-It stems from children's being valuable to their parents not only for future income but also as a source of current income
-Third World countries are subsistence economies
-Labor is needed even for simple tasks
-Members of a household may have to spend as much as five to six hours a day fetching water and collection fodder and wood
-Children are then needed to work even when their parents are in their prime
-Usefulness of each extra hand increases with declining availability of resources
-The need for many hands can lead to a destructive situation, especially when the parents do not have to pay the full price of rearing their children but share those costs with the community
-Rural assets such as village ponds and water holes have been owned communally
-This form of control enabled households to pool their risks
-The process of economic development can erode traditional methods of control
-Increased urbanization and mobility can do so as well
-Social rules are endangered by civil strife and by the takeover of resources by landowners or the state
-As norms degrade, parents pass some of the costs of children on to the community by over exploiting the commons
-If access to shared resources continues, parents produce too many children, leading to crowding and susceptibility to disease and more pressure on the environmental resources
-No household takes into account the harm it inflicts on others when bringing forth another child
-Parental costs of procreation are also lower when relatives provide a helping hand
-Price of carrying a child is paid by the mother, cost of rearing the child is shared among kinship
-Fathers often do not bear the costs of siring a child
-Marriage normally mean est. a new household, it also meant that parents bore the cost of rearing their children
-Perception of both low costs and high benefits of procreation induces households to produce too many children
-As community resources are depleted, more hands are needed to gather fuel and water for daily use
-More children are produced, further damaging the local environment and in turn providing the household with an incentive to enlarge
-Findings by the World bank revealed positive correlations among poverty, fertility and deterioration of the local environment
-Families with greater access to resources are in a position to limit their size and propel themselves into still higher income levels
-Parental demand for children rather than an unmet need for contraceptives in large measure explains reproductive behavior in developing countries
B: Summarize the AUTHOR’s main point or idea- at LEAST 1-2 paragraphs
The Author talks about how people blame population growth as a cause of poverty and environmental degradation. In developing countries, decisions on whether to have a child and on how to share education, food, work, health care and local resources are in large measure made within small entities such as households. The number of live babies a woman could have is she survived her childbearing years is called the total fertility rate, which is between 6 and 8 in Sub-Saharan Africa. When both parents participate in the decision to have a child, there are several pathways through which the choice becomes harmful to the community. Families with greater access to resources are in a position to limit their size and propel themselves into still higher income levels. One motive relates to children as ends in themselves. It ranges from the desire to have children because they are playful and enjoyable, to the desire to obey the dictates of tradition and religion. Rural assets such as village ponds and water holes have been owned communally. If access to shared resources continues, parents produce too many children, leading to crowding and susceptibility to disease and more pressure on the environmental resources. Importance of gender inequality to overpopulation in poor nations is fortunately gaining international recognition. Families with greater access to resources are in a position to limit their size and propel themselves into still higher income levels.
C: Write a reaction paragraph to the article stating your own thoughts on the topic, using specific citations from the article to support your views
After reading this article I learned about how much women bear with the cost of bearing children in certain places. When both parents participate in the decision to have a child, there are several pathways through which the choice becomes harmful to the community. Families with greater access to resources are in a position to limit their size and propel themselves into still higher income levels. In developing countries, decisions on whether to have a child and on how to share education, food, work, health care and local resources are in large measure made within small entities such as households. It ranges from the desire to have children because they are playful and enjoyable, to the desire to obey the dictates of tradition and religion. Rural assets such as village ponds and water holes have been owned communally. If access to shared resources continues, parents produce too many children, leading to crowding and susceptibility to disease and more pressure on the environmental resources. Importance of gender inequality to overpopulation in poor nations is fortunately gaining international recognition. Parental demand for children rather than an unmet need for contraceptives in large measure explains reproductive behavior in developing countries.
So What?
Many factors effect the number of children in a family.
Says Who?
Partha S. Dasgupta
What if...?
What if the amount of children was limited by law?
What does this remind me of?
This reminds me of sports.